The Effects Of Psychology On The Health And Nutrition...

Brandy Wright FSHN 203 Associations between Perceived Stress, Weight-Related Behaviors, and Body Weight Psychology is â€Å"the mental or behavioral characteristics of an individual or group or the study of mind and behavior in relation to a particular field of knowledge or activity† (Merriam-Webster 2016). Psychology provides a pathway into the understanding of an individual’s or population’s thinking and behavior. It can be used to determine reasoning for certain actions or habits. As a Pre-Dietetics major with a possible minor in Psychology, I am interested in how psychology plays a role in the health and nutrition world. A concerning problem in health and nutrition is obesity. Obesity can be associated with a family history and most people associate it this problem with genetics. However, a part of psychology that provides an influence on obesity is stress, which can be triggered by many factors. Social position has a strong effect on stress of individuals in certain populations, specifically socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Research has been conduc ted into uncovering the relationship between social position and obesity, especially focusing on how stress contributes to both factors (Moore and Cunningham 2012). A lower social position has been associated with poor health and a higher rate of mortality; social position being measured by education, income, and occupation (Moore and Cunningham 2012). Said lower social position is related to having limited accessShow MoreRelatedWhy Did You Become Interested From The Bsph Program?1205 Words   |  5 Pageslearn more about the health field through various camps and programs. One of the programs that I attended was at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the focus of the program was to expose first generation college students to the various allied health programs at UNC. Throughout the program professors and admission representatives from various departments gave a short presentation to the attendees, but the presentation from the Gillings School of Global Public Health was the one that resonatedRead MoreObesity : A Healthy Lifestyle919 Words   |  4 Pagesessential in today’s competitive world. According to Center of Disease Control in 2013 it states that 35.7% of Americans are obese. Obesity is a very harmful disease that can be cured from good nutrition and exercise. Obesity is caused from over eating and lack of exercise. Obesity is some cases has many side effects. Obesity can cause diabetes, asthma, and even heart failure. Most of the side effects caused from obesity can be cured through weight loss and better nutrition. Obesity is a growing numberRead MoreA Successful Intervention Initiated By The Government For Obesity1206 Words   |  5 Pages P. (2008). Implementation intentions and shielding goal striving from unwanted thoughts and feelings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(3), 381-393. Armitage, C., Conner, M. (1999). Distinguishing perceptions of control from self-efficacy: predicting consumption of a low-fat diet using the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29,1, 72-90. Armitage, C., Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. BritishRead MoreInfancy and Early Childhood1150 Words   |  5 Pagesthis stage proper nutrition and monitoring is important to ensure that the development is not affected by any factors. In the first two years rapid growth is obvious in the body, mind, and social relationships (Berger, 2008). The body of an infant grows rapidly in height and weight. An infant’s body stores more fat to provide insulation for warmth and a store of nourishment. This nutrition helps is needed for the brain to continue growing. Experience in exploring the world around an infant helpsRead More The Constraints of Poverty Essay901 Words   |  4 Pageswithout many necessities, they also face a tremendous amount of stress all the time. The amount of stress combined with the lack of necessities produces extreme health problems. Poor people have to deal with an unhealthy living environment th at creates serious mental and physical health problems. Economic status definitely effects health in many ways. Most people in poverty dont exactly live in the best areas. Actually, many of them reside in some of the worst places imaginable. Imagine beingRead MoreNaturopathy Research Paper1241 Words   |  5 Pagestrends in the health care system today. Although this is a growing trend, many people are skeptical of whether this form of health care can heal and prevent illness the way that it claims it can. There are many forms of alternative medicine but the focal point of research will be naturopathy. Topics being discussed are what naturopathy is and what it has to offer as a form of health care, how naturopathic doctors treat their patients and what their credentials are, and how nutrition plays a roleRead MoreEarly Childhood : Childhood Development1494 Words   |  6 Pageschildhood is the the time period when a child opens his eyes in the world and it continues upto the age of 8 years old (Masten et al. â€Å"NAME OF ARTICLEà ¢â‚¬ )This is really the time in which the brain of the child starts growing and basis for the subsequences of development. Early childhood period starts at home the very first stages of life. Parents have a great role in childhood development. Then the second factor or place which has great effects on childhood development is the school or daycares. Healthy childhoodRead MoreObesity and Its Related Issues1510 Words   |  6 Pages is an endemic problem in contemporary American society. So much so, for instance, that First Lady Michelle Obama has announced an initiative fighting obesity. She, too, is calling obesity an epidemic and one of the greatest threats to the future health of the United States. Her approach is multifaceted, concentrating on education, availability of healthy foods, and exercise programs for youth so that children become habituated into healthier eating and exercise regimes (Hellmich, 2010). UnfortunatelyRead MoreThe Macrosystem: From Child to Adult Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagessociety, culture, and ecological system. Mental health and community counselors should keep in mind the complex, reciprocal interactions that characterize personal behavior in situations. Macrosystem: Describes the culture in which individuals live. Cultural contexts include developing and industrialized countries, socioeconomic status, poverty, and ethnicity. There have been a number of theories surveyed that are foundational to the profession of mental health counseling. The foundational areas are theRead MoreAspects Of Development Within The Different Areas Of Life1399 Words   |  6 PagesAspects of development in different areas of life Under the broad umbrella of psychology, there are many different aspects of development such as gender development, moral development, the development of self and social development (Siegler, DeLoach, Eisenberg, Saffran, 2014). However, there are other types of development which includes: physical, cognitive, emotional, and psychosocial development (Siegler et al., 2014). Looking at these different areas of development, one would think that all

Prescriptive Ethics - Social and Environmental Sustainability, Cultura Essay

Essays on Prescriptive Ethics - Social and Environmental Sustainability, Cultural Understanding Essay The paper â€Å"Prescriptive Ethics - Social and Environmental Sustainability, Cultural Understanding" is a motivating version of an essay on ethics. Basically, handling a moral and ethical way of thinking is coping with 'prescriptive ethics', which is based on the interest of how people are supposed to act. In life experience, I understand that ethical encounters can take place at three distinct phases of generality while in each of the three phases; there can be a debate, disagreement, obligation, as well as analysis. According to Cohen (2004), the phases are strongly connected, but ironically they are incredibly highly unlike; therefore, they must not be conflated or confused. From the least common to the most wide-ranging, there are only three phases: normative issues, normative principles, as well as moralizing. Economically, I suppose that a cost-effective assumption is offered for the public wellbeing since growth will fuel demand, and ubiquitously distribute relieve and deve lopment; therefore, no jingoist or an ethical person might go up against it (Pfeffer, 2013, p.36). However, the growth nature, on the contrary, for instance, to aged concepts like nurturing, is that it is immediately adrift and considerably spontaneous in the never-ending demand for every ineffectual thing globally (Freeman, 2005, p.114). I suppose, Adam Smith would be desperate to find the manner in which the inventiveness, as well as our businesses’ energies at the moment, are frequently directed to such inconsequential endings.Personal experienceEssentially, the use of fast advancing domains of hardware and software engineering as well as biotechnology to restructure intellect or life raises social issues. I believe there is a moral responsibility producer side to make sure that the virtual pet or robot does not damage social standards. Furthermore, I would not assume that there is no effect of new-fangled technology on the society; given that, creation of robots leads to substitution of manpower, which economically reduces costs, but socially leads to unemployment within the society. However, in my view, I understand that new job opportunities in the IT industry are generated, given that there has been a logical fear of automation introduction in the industry. In the real sense, automated looms were developed to perform the same task as the weavers: this sent thousands of employees packing immediately after the introduction of the machines. This is apparent in the banking industry, whereby thousands of bank staff lost their jobs after the introduction of automated tellers machines (ATM). Pursuant to the introduction of robots, it was notable that industries with demanding workforce were fast to implement the application of robotic technologies with the aim of improving efficiency, effectiveness, security as well as their financial system. I know robots can operate non-stop, and repairing them is uncomplicated plus they do not need employees amenitie s, but substituting workers with robots is socially unethical even if the perceived robots reduce costs of labor, as well as union influence (Cohen, 2004, p.8). Everyone will concur with me that the substitution of people by computerized systems lead to redundancy within the society, in particular for the minority groups and substandard employees, which in turn, leads to long-standing joblessness.Social and environmental sustainabilityPresently, with environmental setbacks, particularly climate change, which was poised to become dominant political, economic, and social setbacks in our modern world (Sandhu, 2010, p.286). Thus, I expect as well corporate conservationism to gain ever-increasing significance as a key premeditated issue for companies, across the world. Large and more visible companies are expected in the coming years to be compelled to move further than the stage of regulatory compliance. Mackey (2013) cautions that environmental setbacks presently as well as in the futu re cannot be exclusively handled at operational echelon; rather public demands can progressively compel business organizations to move further than regulatory acquiescence as well as toward enforcing a tactical positive approach to such setbacks. Seemingly, businessmen are the most reasonable people, which indicate entity managers or business directors (Haanaes et al., 2013, p.112). I have noted that nearly all of the debate concerning social responsibility is aimed at business organizations, thus, mostly corporate executives are more important when it comes to social and environmental sustainability (Mackey, 2013, p.34).

5 Ways You Can Improve Your CV This Summer Free Essays

Hooray – summer is finally here! And you know what that means: Fun, Festivals, and – best of all – no more exams or essays. However, before you get too carried away with planning your social calendar and packing your sun cream, realise that you have an invaluable opportunity now to develop yourself and your future employment prospects. Here are 5 ways you can productively use the next few months to improve your CV and your chances of landing that dream job when you graduate. We will write a custom essay sample on 5 Ways You Can Improve Your CV This Summer or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. Get a Job†¦ Lets get the obvious one out of the way first – whatever your profession or industry, when potential employers look at your CV they will be looking at your work experience and not just your academic qualifications. The summer holiday period is a great time to get a part-time job or work placement that can enhance this section of your CV. Even a casual weekend job stacking shelves at your local supermarket will show them you have good customer service and communications skills, can work within a team and what’s more you’ll have someone to turn to for a glowing reference when you start applying for graduate jobs! 2. Go Travel It may seem crazy but yes, employers actually want people with a bit of life experience, and travelling during the holidays could be seen as a positive step towards boosting your employability. Backpacking is a fantastic way to develop your independence and put your organisation skills into practice when navigating foreign transport systems, making hostel bookings and managing your budget. You’ll also become more resourceful and brush up your networking skills when meeting new people at every stop along the way. You could also combine your travels with volunteering or a physical challenge, which will show employers your ability to set and achieve a target. 3. Learn a new skill Alternatively, you could combine your travels with learning a new skill. Foreign languages are highly valued by employers – particularly those spoken in emerging markets, such as Mandarin and Spanish – and having one on your CV could set you apart when you begin applying for jobs. If you don’t fancy that then why not try your hand at something new like learning to play the guitar, or rediscovering your passion for dressmakingThere are hundreds of short term courses you could sign up for over the summer and gain skills that could set you apart from the competition. Employers will be impressed with the level of commitment you can demonstrate to learning something new, because it shows passion. 4. Write a blog Writing an effective blog will prove to a prospective employer that you can write in coherent English, whilst also showcasing your passion for a subject that is personal to you. Employers love to hear what your interests outside of work are. So if you have an undying love of anything from shoes to Winston Churchill, then write it down – it could be useful. 5. Set up a business Have you got a great business idea, but find yourself too busy during term time to pursue it? Setting up a business takes time and effort, but working hard at it for three months over the summer could allow you to lay the groundwork, which you can then build on when you’re back at university. If your business is successful, it could turn in to a full-time job for you when you graduate. But even if it isn’t, launching a business as a student will look impressive on your CV and you’ll develop crucial skills from professional communication and networking, to organisation and leadership. Need more helpTry our CV writing service. How to cite 5 Ways You Can Improve Your CV This Summer, Essay examples

Source Analysis Aboriginal Communities

Question: Describe about the Source Analysis for Aboriginal Communities. Answer: Title: Analysis of Robert Chrismas, The People are the Police: Building Trust with Aboriginal Communities inContemporary Canadian Society, Canadian Public Administration 55, no. 3 (2012), pp. 451-470. In this assignment, all the positive and negative aspects of an article have been evaluated. Purpose of this assignment is to develop a critical approach for evaluating sources and evidence. It also helps to improve the literacy skills. The argument of this article and aim of the author for this article have been discussed in this assignment as well. Summary of the article: From this article, it had been found that policing is an important aspect of service. It can affect the living condition, social justice and quality of life for the Aboriginal communities. It has been found that ultimate policing objective is to have a say to the apprehension of societies with safe living environment and equal admittance to health, happiness and opportunities. From this article it can be found that Aboriginal people in Canada are marginalized by the colonization. They become victims of social injustice. In this article, it has been explored how trust can be regained with the help of community engagement, enhanced communication and empowerment. It has been found that trust building is an important part of communities and policies to move forward together. It has been mentioned in this article that transparency, restorative justice and truth telling can allow police agencies to the values of Aboriginal communities. It also supports empowerment to the citizen and to tra nsmit out public will. Critical analysis: This article named The People are the Police: Building Trust with Aboriginal Communities in Contemporary Canadian Society is gathered from Canadian Public Administration. In this article, the present condition of Aboriginal people in Canada and the impact of policies on these people have been discussed properly. It has been found that, aboriginal people in Canada are now suffering from high crime rates, lower employment, inadequate education, and poor economic condition compare too privileged settlers descendents. The main argument of the author is that it is the responsibility of the police agencies to mitigate all these negative impact on the aboriginal people. They have the responsibility to keep the peace and contribute to the creation of safe community. In order to write this article, the author has taken help from different journals and websites. All the journals are related with the condition of aboriginal people. These journals help the author to understand how conflicts related with the policy making can be solved. From this journals it has been found that truth telling and peace building can help to develop post conflict society. The author took help from CBC News to gather information about Residential Schools for aboriginals. While developing this article, the author has provided enough background information related with Canadian society, policy making and condition of aboriginal in Canada. It had been assumed by the author while developing this assignment is that issues related with aboriginals are too large and complex for any one organization or agency to handle single-handedly. It has been assumed by the author that true empowerment and community engagement can occur if trust exists. It had been mentioned by the author that courage, honesty and appropriate leadership in communities and police agencies can improve the condition of aboriginals in the country. After reviewing the article, it can be stated that, the author had organized it in appropriate manner. In the introduction section of the article, the author had provided a background of Canadian colonization. This article has maintained the principles developed by Sir Robert Peel. It had become idyllic model for policing in the country Canada. There are various heading and subheadings were included in the article. They are such as colonization and the condition of aboriginal communities, legacy of distrust, challenges related with trust building and engagement, truth and reconciliations and embracing restorative justice. Finally the risks and progresses related with transforming police and communities had also been developed in this article. Conclusion: This article is grate piece of work on aboriginal communities and policy making. After reviewing this article it can be mentioned that it is a challenging task for police authority to develop trust within people. The actions of a police officer can both negatively and positively swell through the community. For this reason, they have to focus on developing communication so that trust can be generated. The police and people need to work together to earn each other. Government resources have to be directed in such a way that it can assist the marginalized groups who lack credibility. This article had indicated a case for instant need for trust building and to encourage acknowledgement in the Canadian society. It can be found from the study that engaging marginalized and aboriginal people and the community can help to ease the work Canadian police.

The phenomenon of bipolar affective disorder has b Essay Example For Students

The phenomenon of bipolar affective disorder has b Essay een a mystery sincethe 16th century. History has shown that this affliction can appear inalmost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed tohave had bipolar disorder. It is clear that in our society many peoplelive with bipolar disorder; however, despite the abundance of peoplesuffering from the it, we are still waiting for definite explanationsfor the causes and cure. The one fact of which we are painfully awareis that bipolar disorder severely undermines its victims ability toobtain and maintain social and occupational success. Because bipolardisorder has such debilitating symptoms, it is imperative that we remainvigilant in the quest for explanations of its causes and treatment. Affective disorders are characterized by a smorgasbord of symptomsthat can be broken into manic and depressive episodes. The depressiveepisodes are characterized by intense feelings of sadness and despairthat can become feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Some of thesymptoms of a d epressive episode include anhedonia, disturbances insleep and appetite, psycomoter retardation, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, difficulty thinking, indecision, and recurrentthoughts of death and suicide (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). The manicepisodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increasedenergy, decreased need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and oftenreckless or irresponsible behavior (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). Bipolaraffective disorder affects approximately one percent of the population(approximately three million people) in the United States. It ispresented by both males and females. Bipolar disorder involves episodesof mania and depression. These episodes may alternate with profounddepressions characterized by a pervasive sadness, almost inability tomove, hopelessness, and disturbances in appetite, sleep, inconcentrations and driving. We will write a custom essay on The phenomenon of bipolar affective disorder has b specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Bipolar disorder is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs whetherdepression has been diagnosed or not (Goodwin, Guze, 1989, p 11). Mostcommonly, individuals with manic episodes experience a period ofdepression. Symptoms include elated, expansive, or irritable mood,hyperactivity, pressure of speech, flight of ideas, inflated selfesteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and excessiveinvolvement in reckless activities (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). Rarestsymptoms were periods of loss of all interest and retardation oragitation (Weisman, 1991). As the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (MDMDA)has demonstrated, bipolar disorder can create substantial developmentaldelays, marital and family disruptions, occupational setbacks, andfinancial disasters. This devastating disease causes disruptions offamilies, loss of jobs and millions of dollars in cost to society. Manytimes bipolar patients report that the depressions are longer andincrease in frequency as the individual ages. Many times bipolar statesand psychotic states are misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. Speech patternshelp distinguish between the two disorders (Lish, 1994). The onset of Bipolar disorder usually occurs between the ages of 20and 30 years of age, with a second peak in the mid-forties for women. Atypical bipolar patient may experience eight to ten episodes in theirlifetime. However, those who have rapid cycling may experience moreepisodes of mania and depression that succeed each other without aperiod of remission (DSM III-R). The three stages of mania begin with hypomania, in which patientsreport that they are energetic, extroverted and assertive (Hirschfeld,1995). The hypomania state has led observers to feel that bipolarpatients are addicted to their mania. Hypomania progresses into maniaand the transition is marked by loss of judgment (Hirschfeld, 1995). Often, euphoric grandiose characteristics are displayed, and paranoid orirritable characteristics begin to manifest. The third stage of maniais evident when the patient experiences delusions with often paranoidthemes. Speech is generally rapid and hyperactive behavior manifestssometimes associated with violence (Hirschfeld, 1995). When both manic and depressive symptoms occur at the same time itis called a mixed episode. Those afflicted are a special risk becausethere is a combination of hopelessness, agitation, and anxiety thatmakes them feel like they could jump out of their skin(Hirschfeld,1995). Up to 50% of all patients with mania have a mixture of depressedmoods. Patients report feeling dysphoric, depressed, and unhappy; yet,they exhibit the energy associated with mania. Rapid cycling mania isanother presentation of bipolar disorder. Mania may be present withfour or more distinct episodes within a 12 month period. There is nowevidence to suggest that sometimes rapid cycling may be a transientmanifestation of the bipolar disorder. This form of the diseaseexhibits more episodes of mania and depression than bipolar. .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 , .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .postImageUrl , .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 , .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7:hover , .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7:visited , .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7:active { border:0!important; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7:active , .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7 .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaef73d3cbf224d60511e53566e0ebcf7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Petrified Man By Eudora Welty EssayLithium has been the primary treatment of bipolar disorder sinceits introduction in the 1960s. It is main function is to stabilize thecycling characteristic of bipolar disorder. In four controlled studiesby F. K. Goodwin and K. R. Jamison, the overall response rate forbipolar subjects treated with Lithium was 78% (1990). Lithium is alsothe primary drug used for long- term maintenance of bipolar disorder. In a majority of bipolar patients, it lessens the duration, frequency,and severity of the episodes of both mania and depression. Unfortunately, as many as 40% of bipolar patients are eitherunresponsive to lithium or can not tolerate the side effects. Some ofthe side effects include thirst, weight gain, nausea, diarrhea, andedema. Patients who are unresponsive to lithium treatment are oftenthose who experience dysphoric mania, mixed states, or rapid cyclingbipolar disorder. One of the problems associated with lithium is the fact thelong-term lithium treatment has been associated with decreased thyroidfunctioning in patients with bipolar disorder. Preliminary evidencealso suggest that hypothyroidism may actually lead to rapid-cycling(Bauer et al., 1990). Another problem associated with the use oflithium is experienced by pregnant women. Its use during pregnancy hasbeen associated with birth defects, particularly Ebsteins anomaly. Based on current data, the risk of a child with Ebsteins anomaly beingborn to a mother who took lithium during her first trimester ofpregnancy is approximately 1 in 8,000, or 2.5 times that of the generalpopulation (Jacobson et al., 1992). There are other effective treatments for bipolar disorder that areused in cases where the patients cannot tolerate lithium or have beenunresponsive to it in the past.The American Psychiatric Associationsguidelines suggest the next line of treatment to be Anticonvulsantdrugs such as valproate and carbamazepine. These drugs are useful asantimanic agents, especially in those patients with mixed states. Bothof these medications can be used in combination with lithium or incombination with each other. Valproate is especially helpful forpatients who are lithium noncompliant, experience rapid-cycling, or havecomorbid alcohol or drug abuse. Neuroleptics such as haloperidol or chlorpromazine have also beenused to help stabilize manic patients who are highly agitated orpsychotic. Use of these drugs is often necessary because the responseto them are rapid, but there are risks involved in their use. Becauseof the often severe side effects, Benzodiazepines are often used intheir place. Benzodiazepines can achieve the same results asNeuroleptics for most patients in terms of rapid control of agitationand excitement, without the severe side effects. Antidepressants such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs) fluovamine and amitriptyline have also been used by somedoctors as treatment for bipolar disorder. A double-blind study by M. Gasperini, F. Gatti, L. Bellini, R.Anniverno, and E. Smeraldi showedthat fluvoxamine and amitriptyline are highly effective treatments forbipolar patients experiencing depressive episodes (1992). This study iscontroversial however, because conflicting research shows that SSRIsand other antidepressants can actually precipitate manic episodes. Mostdoctors can see the usefulness of antidepressants when used inconjunction with mood stabilizing medications such as lithium. In addition to the mentioned medical treatments of bipolardisorder, there are several other options available to bipolar patients,most of which are used in conjunction with medicine. One such treatmentis light therapy. One study compared the response to light therapy ofbipolar patients with that of unipolar patients. Patients were free ofpsychotropic and hypnotic medications for at least one month beforetreatment. Bipolar patients in this study showed an average of 90.3%improvement in their depressive symptoms, with no incidence of mania orhypomania. They all continued to use light therapy, and all showed asustained positive response at a three month follow-up (Hopkins andGelenberg, 1994). Another study involved a four week treatment ofbright morning light treatment for patients with seasonal affectivedisorder and bipolar patients. This study found a statisticallysignificant decrement in depressive symptoms, with the maximumantidepressant effect of light not being reached until week four (Baur,Kurtz, Rubin, and Markus, 1994). Hypomanic symptoms were experienced by36% of bipolar patients in this study. Predominant hypomanic symptomsincluded racing thoughts, deceased sleep and irritability. Surprisingly, one-third of controls also developed symptoms such asthose mentioned above. Regardless of the explanation of the emergenceof hypomanic symptoms in undiagnosed controls, it is evident from thisstudy that light treatment may be associated with the observedsymptoms. Based on the results, careful professional monitoring duringlight treatment is necessary, even for those without a history of majormood disorders. .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 , .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .postImageUrl , .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 , .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213:hover , .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213:visited , .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213:active { border:0!important; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213:active , .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213 .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u733f6033deabf05e434ccd9a11e56213:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nutrition vs. sport performance EssayAnother popular treatment for bipolar disorder iselectro-convulsive shock therapy. ECT is the preferred treatment forseverely manic pregnant patients and patients who are homicidal,psychotic, catatonic, medically compromised, or severely suicidal. Inone study, researchers found marked improvement in 78% of patientstreated with ECT, compared to 62% of patients treated only with lithiumand 37% of patients who received neither, ECT or lithium (Black et al.,1987). A final type of therapy that I found is outpatient grouppsychotherapy. According to Dr. John Graves, spokesperson for TheNational Depressive and Manic Depressive Association has c alledattention to the value of support groups, and challenged mental healthprofessionals to take a more serious look at group therapy for thebipolar population. Research shows that group participation may help increase lithiumcompliance, decrease denial regarding the illness, and increaseawareness of both external and internal stress factors leading to manicand depressive episodes. Group therapy for patients with bipolardisorders responds to the need for support and reinforcement ofmedication management, and the need for education and support for theinterpersonal difficulties that arise during the course of the disorder. ReferencesBauer, M.S., Kurtz, J.W., Rubin, L.B., and Marcus, J.G. (1994). Mood and Behavioral effects of four-week light treatment in winter depressivesand controls. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 28, 2: 135-145. Bauer, M.S., Whybrow, P.C. and Winokur, A. (1990). RapidCycling Bipolar Affective Disorder: I. Association with grade Ihypothyroidism. Archives of General Psychiatry. 47: 427-432. Black, D.W., Winokur, G., and Nasrallah, A. (1987). Treatment ofMania: A naturalistic study of electroconvulsive therapy versus lithiumin 438 patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 48: 132-139. Gasperini, M., Gatti, F., Bellini, L., Anniverno, R., Smeralsi,E., (1992). Perspectives in clinical psychopharmacology ofamitriptyline and fluvoxamine. Pharmacopsychiatry. 26:186-192. Goodwin, F.K., and Jamison, K.R. (1990). Manic DepressiveIllness. New York: Oxford University Press. Goodwin, Donald W. and Guze, Samuel B. (1989). PsychiatricDiagnosis. Fourth Ed. Oxford University. p.7. Hirschfeld, R.M. (1995). Recent Developments in ClinicalAspects of Bipolar Disorder. The Decade of the Brain. NationalAlliance for the Mentally Ill. Winter. Vol. VI. Issue II. Hollandsworth, James G. (1990). The Physiology of PsychologicalDisorders. Plenem Press. New York and London. P.111. Hopkins, H.S. and Gelenberg, A.J. (1994). Treatment of BipolarDisorder: How Far Have We Come? Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 30(1): 27-38. Jacobson, S.J., Jones, K., Ceolin, L., Kaur, P., Sahn, D.,Donnerfeld, A.E., Rieder, M., Santelli, R., Smythe, J., Patuszuk, A.,Einarson, T., and Koren, G.,(1992). Prospective multicenter study ofpregnancy outcome after lithium exposure during the first trimester. Laricet. 339: 530-533. Lish, J.D., Dime-Meenan, S., Whybrow, P.C., Price, R.A. andHirschfeld, R.M. (1994). The National Depressive and Manic DepressiveAssociation (DMDA) Survey of Bipolar Members. Affective Disorders. 31:pp.281-294. Weisman, M.M., Livingston, B.M., Leaf, P.J., Florio, L.P.,Holzer, C. (1991). Psychiatric Disorders in America. AffectiveDisorders. Free Press.

American History Timeline 1675-1700

American History Timeline 1675-1700 Between 1675 and 1700, the British colonies on the eastern coast of the North American continent to evolve. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania changed from being a proprietary colony to a royal one and then back to a proprietary colony, and North Carolina was designated. Here are the key events that occurred between these years.   1675 June 20: King Philips War begins when King Philip (1638–1676, and also known as Metacomet) leads a coalition of his Wampanoag Indians with their allies the Pocumtuc and Narragansett on a raid against the colonial settlement of Swansea. September 9: The New England Confederation declares war on King Philip and each colony is required to provide men for a combined force. September 12: King Philip achieves a decisive victory against the forces of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and their Nipmuc allies at Bloody Brook. 1676 February: The Mohawk launch a surprise assault against Metacomet, a turning point in King Philips War. March: King Philips War continues as Metacoms forces attack Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Providence, Rhode Island. June: Nathaniel Bacon assembles a group of 500 men leading them to Jamestown in what comes to be known as Bacons Rebellion.  Virginia planters agree to support Nathaniel Bacon. June 12: The colonists with the Mohegan Indians defeat King Philips men at Hadley. July: Nathaniel Bacon, the instigator of Bacons Rebellion or the Virginia Rebellion (1674–1676), is declared a traitor and arrested but quickly freed by his men. He is later pardoned after he admits his guilt. July 30: Bacon writes the Declaration of the People of Virginia, criticizing the governors administration of levying unfair taxes, appointing friends to high places, and failing to protect settlers from attack. August 22: King Philips War ends in the English colonies when the Indians surrender and leaders Metacomet and Anawan are killed. Conflict continues in the northern theater (Maine and Acadia) September 19: Bacons forces capture and then burn Jamestown to the ground. October 18: Nathaniel Bacon dies of a fever. The rebel army surrenders when promised amnesty. 1677 January: Virginia Governor Berkeley executes 23 of the rebels from Bacons Rebellion in direct defiance of the crown. He is later replaced by Colonel Jeffreys as the head of Virginia. September 14: Increase Mather publishes The Troubles That Have Happened in New England. 1678 April 12: With the Treaty of Casco, King Philips War is formally brought to an end. Winter: The French (Rene Robert Cavalier, Sieur de la Salle, and Father Louis Hennepin) visit Niagara Falls while exploring Canada. The falls were first reported by a westerner (Samuel de Champlain) in 1604. 1679 The Province of New Hampshire is created out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony by royal degree of British King Charles II. 1680 January: John Cutt takes office as the president of New Hampshire and ending Massachusetts governance. 1681 March 4: William Penn receives a royal charter from Charles II to set up Pennsylvania, to pay off debts owed to Penns father. 1682 April: Frenchman Sieur de la Salle claims the land at the mouth of the Mississippi for France and calls the territory La Louisiane (Louisiana) in honor of his king Louis XIV. May 5: William Penn publishes Frame of Government of Pennsylvania that provides for a precursor of a bicameral government. August 24: The Duke of York awards William Penn a deed to the lands that make up Delaware. 1684 October: Frustrated by the unwillingness of the Massachusetts Bay Colony to revise its charter to weaken the power of the church, Charles II revokes its royal charter. During the Second Anglo-Dutch War, Charles II gives the Province of New Netherland to his brother, the Duke of York. 1685 February: Charles II dies and his brother the Duke of York becomes King James II. March: Increase Mather is named Acting President of Harvard College. 23 April: James II renames New Netherland to New York and makes it a royal province. 22 October: King Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes that gave the Huguenots to practice their religion, and afterward, the number of French Huguenot settlers in America increases. 1686 King James II creates the Dominion of New England, a mega-colony covering all of New England and combining the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth Colony, Connecticut Colony, the Province of New Hampshire and the Colony of Rhode Island and Plymouth Plantations- New Jersey and New York would be added in 1688. James names Sir Edmund Andros as governor general. 1687 William Penn publishes The Excellent Privilege of Liberty and Property. 1688 The extremely unpopular Governor of the Dominion of New England, Edmund Andros, places the militia of New England under his direct control. April: Governor Andros plunders the home and village of Jean-Vincent dAbbadie de Saint-Castine (1652–1707), a French military officer and Abenaki chief, considered the start of King Williams War, an outgrowth of Europes Nine Years War between the English and French. April 18: The earliest known antislavery tract Petition Against Slavery is released in the colonies by the Quakers at Germantown, Pennsylvania. November: The Glorious Revolution occurs in which King James II (Catholic) flees to France and is replaced by William and Mary of Orange (Protestant). 1689 February: The English Parliament presents the English Bill of Rights to William and Mary. April 11: William and Mary of Orange are officially named King and Queen of England. April 18: A popular rising of a well-organized mob of provincial militia and citizens forms in the town of Boston and arrest dominion officials in the Boston Revolt. April 18: Governor Andros surrenders to colonial rebels and is put in jail. New England colonies begin re-instituting their own governments after Governor Andros is removed from power. May 24: The Toleration Act of 1688 is passed by Parliament which gives limited Freedom of Religion to all British citizens. December 16: The English Bill of Rights receives the royal assent by William and Mary and goes into law. It limits monarch powers and sets out the right of Parliament, and the rights of individuals. 1690 King Williams War continues in North America when the combined forces of the French and the Indians attack towns in New York, Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. 1691 William Penn makes Delaware a separate government from Pennsylvania. Maryland is declared a royal province, removing Lord Baltimore from political power. October 7: William III and Mary II establish the Province of Massachusetts Bay, including all Massachusetts Bay Colony, all of Plymouth Colony and part of the Province of New York. 1692 William III suspends William Penns proprietary charter for Pennsylvania, making it a royal province. February: Salem Witchcraft trials begin with the trial and conviction of a slave woman named Tituba: 20 persons will be executed before the trials end. Increase Mather is named President of Harvard. 1693 February 8: William III and Mary II of England sign a charter creating the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. The Carolinas win the right to initiate legislation in the British House of Commons. Twenty Cherokee chiefs visit Charles Town in Carolina, with an offer of friendship and help with their troubles with other tribes who had carried off some of their kinsmen. Governor Philip Ludwell agreed to help but said the kidnapped Cherokees were already in Spanish hands. 1694 August 15: Colonists from Connecticut, Massachusetts Bay, New Jersey, and New York sign a peace treaty with the Iroquois to keep them from allying with the French in the future. Pennsylvania is once again named a Proprietary Colony when William Penn gets his charter back. 28 December: After Mary dies, William III takes sole rule over England. 1696 The Navigation Acts of 1696 are passed by Parliament that limits all colonial trade to English-built vessels, among other things. 1697 September 20: The Treaty of Ryswick ends King  Williams War and restores all colonial possessions to pre-war ownership. 1699 July: Pirate Captain Kidd is captured and sent to England eight months later, where he will be executed in 1701. The Wool Act, one of the Acts of Trade and Navigation, is passed by Parliament to protect the British wool industry. It forbids the export of wool from the American colonies. 1700 Massachusetts, who had banned Catholic priests first in 1647, passed another law requiring all Roman Catholic priests to leave the colony within three months or be arrested. Boston is the largest city in the American colonies and the overall population of the colonies numbers around 275,000. Sources and Further Reading Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M., ed. The Almanac of American History. Greenwich CT: Barnes Nobles Books, 1993.Shi, David E., and George Brown Tindall. America: A Narrative History, Tenth Edition. New York: W. W. Norton, 2016.Turner, Frederic Jackson, and Allan G. Bogue. The Frontier in American History. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 2010 (originally published 1920)

Should violent images and language be censored or banned from national Essay

Should violent images and language be censored or banned from national media - Essay Example adays, parents have to sneak into the room every now and then to make sure that their innocent child is protected from the impacts of evil forces trying to reach their child through video games. This may also have a negative impact on the parent-child relationship in which the parent has to spy on the child. This may, for the least, inculcate curiosity in the child’s mind regarding the spying parent. In extreme circumstances, the child may become violent and abuse the parent and force him/her out of the room. Even if all the deleterious effects of incorporating sexuality and violence in the video games are overlooked, the fact that these factors are incorporated into the video games on the cost of their quality can not be ignored. Video game makers that do not have a nice strategy in mind for the plot or theme of the game may still have their product do good business in the market by making the audience attracted towards the violence or sexuality incorporated therein. In this sense, makers of such video games are essentially committing the crime of tarnishing the image of video games in the public’s eye. A vast majority of the proponents of violence and sexuality in video games suggest that access to such games should be allowed after a certain age limit. They emphasize that this is a useful way to prevent the minds of innocent children to go wild before they physically mature up. But this argument is totally flawed. Although it apparently seems an easy way to end the debate, yet anyone with the desire to curtail sexuality and violence in the video games can easily challenge this argument for several reasons. This is because of the fact that age restrictions when placed upon something play a fundamental role in making that thing a social taboo, and taboos often happen to be the biggest adventures for juveniles and adolescents to explore. The idea of placing age restrictions on the violent video games makes them all the more exciting and appealing for the

Marketing Communications Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Marketing Communications Plan - Essay Example According to Sheth & Kellstadt (1992), a normative model of service quality improvement is built on the concept of continuous improvement. The company that I have been working in has been using this kind of approach to address its issues of quality improvement. This is because the key objective of the company is to achieve sustained improvements in its services delivery. Therefore, throughout my career, I have had an opportunity to experience a situation in which this model was applied. Moreover, I have been able to experience some of the benefits of this kind of a model when used to improve service quality as well as some of its shortfalls. This benefits and shorts could form a very good basis for my evaluation in this paper.  Normative model of service improvement is divided into stages. The stages include management commitment, employee commitment and participation, employee education and training, communication, assessment and modification, outcomes and targets, and integration (Hernon & Whitman, 2001). These stages are interconnected in an intertwined manner. This means that a stage does not necessarily resAfter intensive market analysis, it has been found that following locations are the most lucrative prospect for Premier Inn:†¢ Manchester (Piccadilly)†¢ Birmingham (City Centre-New Street)†¢ Edinburg (Central)†¢ London (Kensington)These four locations are among the top tourist spots in the country currently and generate significant revenue from tourism activities.

East Coast Insurance Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

East Coast Insurance Company - Case Study Example As per the facts presented by the case, the company is facing increased workload of healthcare claims with a dearth of adept and skilled talent. The external environment also does not present opportunity to recruit a professional workforce that could handle the mammoth task. No doubt, the Strategic Planning Committee has come up with a host of solutions that diffuse through financial, human resources, environmental and even competitive domains of the organization. An important and worth discussing factor in the present case is the involvement of a government agency, which can be an appropriate thriving ground for the development of the fungus of ‘non-ethical behavior’. Looking a bit closer to the facets of the presented case, it is pretty much obvious that the major issue of the company is its increased workload due to the shortage of talented employees. As such, it is a people problem and not a place problem primarily. Even though the office space is not satisfactory, yet competent workforce in place can solve much of the problems of the company. The major operations of the company are to process the claims, where the expertise of people is required and not magnanimity of the building. Keeping this in mind, the prime focus of the management should be to increase the skill level of its employees. Relocating to a new building or to a suburb facility is not the solution as it will only give rise to the greater financial burden. If the company relocates, the employees will have to adjust themselves to a new environment, which will further degrade the quality and the speed of work, which is already under investigation. Similarly, investment in new premises will cut short the chances of the company to look for educated and competent employees or to provide for the training of existing ones.

Is Globalization Good or Bad?

Is Globalization Good or Bad? Globalisation is a wildly popular subject of discussion in todays literature. It is a phenomenon which has many different dimensions, which include economic, cultural, environmental and political issues. There is a wide spectrum of different opinions about its origins, present effects and future outcomes. Moreover, almost every globalisation aspect is a subject of a very heated academic debate. The topic is so debatable that there is no one conventional definition of globalisation. Nevertheless, it can be narrowly defined as the international integration of markets in goods, services and capital. Thomas Friedman defines globalisation as that loose combination of free trade agreements, the Internet and the integration of financial markets that is erasing borders and uniting the world into a single, lucrative, but brutally competitive marketplace. Whereas Dicken defines globalisation as a more advanced and complex form of internationalization which implies a degree of functional integr ation between internationally dispersed economic activities (Dicken, P. 2003). There are many different ways to approach the issue of globalisation. Most generally the academic debate on the topic of globalisation can be divided into three distinct camps: hyperglobalists (Ohmae, Friedman, Giddens), sceptics (Hirst and Thompson, Ruigrok and van Tulder, Sachs and Warner) and realists (Dicken). While hyper-globalists accept globalisation as a fact and generally perceive it as a beneficial process, sceptics argue that the characteristics of the phenomenon have already been seen at other moments in history and that it is largely negative in its effects. Realists hold the middle ground between these opposing views and support the idea that benefits can arise from globalisation, however it is also critical to establish some sort of regulation. Nevertheless, before considering any theoretical frameworks or any high level academic analysis, I would like to think about a hard socio-economic evidence on which most of the above thinkers arguments are based. In the main body of my work I would like to consider negative and positive outcomes of globalisation which will be dominantly structured around six main socio-economic factors, which include: effects on employment, growth in inequality, environmental damage, international institutions, power of governments and foreign direct investment (FDI). Employment. In regard of employment many sceptics argue that the process of globalisation leads to relocation of work to developing countries from developed, which in effect increases unemployment in the developed world and leads to greater exploitation of workers in the countries to where re-location takes place. To elaborate on the above argument I can say that it was certainly true at the early stages and in many instances still is that there are many places in the world, like South-East Asia, where conditions created by large multinational companies are generally inhumane. Notoriously famous production sites of Nike in Vietnam and China are not as appalling as they used to be, however most developed country workers would still consider them as unacceptable. It also true that many thousands of workers in countries like Britain, Germany and US keep on loosing their jobs to more cost effective sites elsewhere. A good example would be Dysons and Black and Deckers relocation from Britain to lower cost centres in the far east and central Europe. Also there is another frightening aspect in changes of the global employment patterns, which is fall in the real wages. This trend shows up especially strong in the US labour market. Arguably it happens because of increase in wage bargaining powers of large multinational enterprises, which now can use excuse of relocation and increased international competitiveness to ditch an additional pay rise. On the other hand, it can be argued that the conditions provided by multinational companies in developing countries most of the time are a long step ahead of local businesss and keep on improving. One needs to consider a notion of the opportunity cost to see the true picture of what is going on. If a so be employee of the Nike factory would not take a job at the factory he would most likely end-up working for a much lower wage in worse conditions or being forced to supply the black market with any personal services they could, which in most cases arent of the most pleasant nature. One study found wage premium associated with FDI of 12% for blue collar and 22% for white collar workers. It can also be argued that the sweatshops are just a step in the process of industrialisation, which helps to eradicate uncertainties related to the agricultural societies. An example of South Korea can serve as a good illustration. In 1960s the country was twice as poor as North Korea, however due to t he policy of openness adopted by the South Korean government the country experienced a breathtaking period of economic growth; it is now as rich as Portugal and a member of OECD. South Korea also begun as a supplier of basic services like clothe manufacturing, and now it is the biggest shipbuilder, steel producer and provider of broadband internet in the world. (other employment arguments: labour costs are determined by the amount of labour used, as well as by prevailing local wages. Whereas, the price of a Nike shoe is set according to what consumers are willing to pay for it. We have chosen to leave in democratic societies based on the principles of capitalism and free market economy, so learn to live with consequences of your choice or move to North Korea. As well arguments like the workers at the factory would not be able to afford even to buy a one pair of shoes they make with their monthly wages. SO WHAT, employees at Ferrari factory cant afford to buy Ferraris or chambermaids at Ritz Hotel London cant afford to stay at Ritz. The underline is that people do not work in order to consume what they produce). Inequality. Another major aspect of globalisation is its affect on world inequality. There is no greater problem facing the world at the beginning of the 21st century than that of world poverty. One in five of the worlds 6 billion people live on less than a dollar a day, almost half on less than on 2 dollars a day. Nearly a billion do not have access to clean water, 2.4 billion to basic sanitation. Eleven million children under five die each year from preventable diseases. (HERE YOU CAN ARGUE BOTH WAYS: EITHER START ATTACKING GLOBALISATION OR SAY THAT IT IS THERE TO HELP). There are many largely contradictory studies on the issue. I also suspect that some of the findings produced by globalisation supporters and sceptics alike can be a subject to data-mining. Nevertheless, it is argued that the growth in absolute income differentials between North and South becomes wider. For instance, 1990-2001 gap between average GDP per head rose from $16,100 to $19,100. On the other hand, two French economist s at Delta, a research institute in Paris Francois Bourguignon and Christian Morrison have chartered the change in the global inequality since 1820. They found that world inequality increased steadily between 1820 and 1980 the gap between the typical persons income and the average widened from around 40% to around 80% but that between 1980 and 1992, inequality fell a little. Another way to measure inequality is to look at what has happened to people living in extreme poverty. Between 1987 and 1998, the share of the worlds population living on less than a dollar a day fell from 28% to 23% (not much if you think about how much profit multinationals made in the same time period). * Strong relationship between openness and growth, which contributes to reduction in the world poverty and inequality e.g. Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan since 1960s. India and China recently. * Effects on skilled and semi-unskilled workers in the US. (WORLD BANK) Figure 4 suggests that there is no simple association between changes in trade openness and changes in inequality. Certainly there are many well known cases of countries where inequality has risen as they became more integrated into the world economy. Wages of high school educated males in the U.S. fell 20 percent between the mid 1970s and mid 1990s. Income inequality increased in countries such as Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica and Uruguay after they liberalized trade at different times in the last three decades. China, one of the fastest integrating countries, also experienced one of the largest inequality, however this was from a situation of very high levels of economic equality prior to integration. Growth was still fast enough to massively reduce poverty. Global Economic Prospec2004 found the number of people living on less than $1 a day in China fell from 361 million in 1990 to 204 million in 2000. But, as Figure 4 suggests, there are also about as many ca ses where inequality fell with more trade openness. Environment. Another very important feature of globalisation is its impact on the environment. According to Thomas Bode (Greenpeace): The modern economy is a fire-breathing vampire of petroleum which is slowly cooking our planet. It is a well known fact that globalisation is linked to increase in pollution levels, which is largely caused by increased travel and more intense use of earths resources. In the post Second World War era, the globalization of environmental degradation has been massively accelerated by a number of factors: fifty years of extraordinary resource-intensive, high-pollution growth in the OECD; the industrialisation of Russia, Eastern Europe and the ex-Soviet states; the breakneck industrialisation of many parts of the South; and a massive rise in global population. In addition, we are now able to perceive risk and environmental change with much greater depth and accuracy. Humankind faces an unprecedented array of truly global and regional environmental problems, the reach of which is greater than any single national community (or generation) and the solutions to which cannot be tackled at the level of the nation-state alone; these include, most obviously, global warming, ozone depletion; destruction of global rainforests and loss of biodiversity; oceanic and riverine pollution; global level nuclear threats and risks. Over the twentieth century these transformations have been paralleled by the unprecedented growth of global and regional environmental movements, regimes and international treaties. However, none of these institutions has as yet been able to amass sufficient political power, domestic support or international authority to do more than limit the worst excesses of some of these global environmental threats. There is an urgent need for some world-wide enforceable regulation which would eliminate opportunities for the large multinational to cut corners in complying with the World environmental standards. (Use examples: Union Carbide in Bhopal India; European forestry companies in south America; Shell and Brent Spar). On the other hand, It should be noted that argument against globalisation can be considered as an argument against economic growth in general. It is true, however, that growth in developing countries is accompanied by severe environmental degradation. However, recent evidence suggests a more subtle and complex relationship between economic development and environmental protection. The environmental impact tends to decline with economic growth of a country. A 1998 World Bank study of organic water pollution found that pollution intensity fell by 90 per cent as per capita income rose from $500 to $20,000, with the fastest decline occurring before the country reached middle income status (Figure 6. Hettige, Mani and Wheeler, 1998). Average air quality in China has stabilized or improved since the mid-1980s in monitored cities, especially large ones the same period during which China has experienced both rapid economic growth and increased openness to trade and investment. Moreover, openness to trade and investment can provide developing countries with both the incentive to adopt, and the access to, new technologies, which may provide a cleaner or greener way of producing the good concerned. For example, much foreign investment is for export markets. The quality requirements in those markets encourage use of the latest technology, which is typically cleaner than old technologies. A World Bank study of steel production in 50 countries found that open economies led closed economies in the adoption of cleaner technologies by wide margins, resulting in the open economies being 17 percent less pollution-intensive in this sector than closed economies (Wheeler, Huq and Martin 1993). Another concern relates less to environmental outcomes and more to environmental regulation. It is argued that increased international competition for investment will cause countries to lower environmental regulations (or to retain poor ones), a race to the bottom in environmental standards as countries fight to attract foreign capital and keep domestic investment at home. However there is no evidence that the cost of environmental protection has ever been the determining factor in foreign investment decisions. Factors such as labor and raw material costs, transparent regulation and protection of property rights are likely to be much more important, even for polluting industries. Indeed, foreign-owned plants in developing countries, precisely the ones that according to the theory would be most attracted by low standards, tend to be less polluting than indigenous plants in the same industry. Most multinational companies adopt near-uniform standards globally, often well above the local government-set standards (Dowell, Hart and Yeung 2000; Schot and Fischer 1993). International Institutions, decline in power of governments and growth in power of multinationals . There are many different critiques published on the topic of globalization, however one of the most effective ones according to my view are on the inefficiency of large international governing bodies, which supposed to direct the process of globalization towards the greater good. Our national leaders tell us that top-down corporate globalization is an inevitable, naturally-occurring phenomenon. But the terms of globalization have been defined by a few powerful organizations that operate without transparency or democratic oversight. There never was economic evidence in favor of capital market liberalization. There still isnt. It increases risk and doesnt increase growth. Youd think [defenders of liberalization] would say to me by now, You havent read these 10 studies, but they havent, because theres not even one. There isnt the intellectual basis that you would have thought required for a major change in international rules. It was all based on ideology. Joseph Stiglitz, former Chief Economist of the World Bank The World Trade Organization is the most powerful legislative and judicial body in the world. By promoting the free trade agenda of multinational corporations above the interests of local communities, working families, and the environment, the WTO has systematically undermined democracy around the world. In the eight years of its existence, WTO panels composed of corporate attorneys have ruled that: the US law protecting sea turtles was a barrier to free trade; that US clean air standards and laws protecting dolphins are too; that the European Union law banning hormone-treated beef is illegal. According to the WTO, our democratically elected public officials no longer have the rights to protect the environment and public health. Unlike United Nations treaties, the International Labor Organization conventions, or multilateral environmental agreements, WTO rules can be enforced through sanctions. This gives the WTO more power than any other international body. The WTOs authority even e clipses national governments. Created after World War II to help avoid Great Depression-like economic disasters, the World Bank and the IMF are the worlds largest public lenders, with the Bank managing a total portfolio of $200 billion and the Fund supplying member governments with money to overcome short-term credit crunches. But the Bank and the Fund are also the worlds biggest loan sharks. When the Bank and the Fund lend money to debtor countries, the money comes with strings attached. These strings come in the form of policy prescriptions called structural adjustment policies. These policies-or SAPs, as they are sometimes called-require debtor governments to open their economies to penetration by foreign corporations, allowing access to the countrys workers and environment at bargain basement prices. Structural adjustment policies mean across-the-board privatization of public utilities and publicly owned industries. They mean the slashing of government budgets, leading to cutbacks in spending on health care a nd education. They mean focusing resources on growing export crops for industrial countries rather than supporting family farms and growing food for local communities. And, as their imposition in country after country in Latin America, Africa, and Asia has shown, they lead to deeper inequality and environmental destruction. International trade agreements such as NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement) and GATT (the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) were written by representatives of large corporations and they function in the interests of large corporations. For example, detailed studies by Public Citizen and other watchdog groups have shown that in the seven years of NAFTA, transnational corporations from the three signing countries (Canada, USA, Mexico) have benefited while the middle classes and working classes of these countries have suffered. More jobs have been lost due to NAFTA than have been created. Several decades of the GATT have lowered corporate taxes by the trillions of dollars, thus helping to bankrupt governments around the world and make them dependent on borrowing from the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the private banks. This indebtedness then gives immense policy influence to the bankers, who are mainly interested in the money cycle not the life cycle. The power of influence over governments in shaping the global economy in the corporate interest is of immense value to global corporations. Some argue that globalisation erodes the ability of governments to: raise taxation, regulate markets and manage currencies. That it becomes the race to the bottom. Governments are told to follow two paths. First, deregulate and privatise. This has been pursued in over 90 countries through structural adjustment policies of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. The bitter legacy is growing poverty in all regions of the developing world, except China. Second, leave business to regulate itself. Corporations have promised to adopt voluntary ethical standards in response to growing public concern over social and environmental damage. But these have often been a public relations exercise to deflect criticism and the few companies that are implementing these standards compete at a disadvantage to the majority of companies that dont. (can use eg. Case study ERM 1992 UK and Italy had to devalue their currencies. Central banks are powerless in trying to control international speculators George Soros is a GANGSTER). On the other hand, there is a substantial evidence that governments did not become more constrained; in some cases there was an increase in their relative powers. For instance, there is a systematic increase in the tax burden in the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries. (CANT FIND ARGUMENTS TO SUPPORT ABOVE STATEMENT think of something yourself). As well, growing power of multinationals is not such a bad thing after all. It can become a new form of international governance. Multinational companies have very strong financial incentives to behave ethically. If companies will not pay attention to the issues of CSR (corporate social responsibility) their share price can decline, which than leaves than vulnerable to hostile take-overs. There is a growing concern among consumers in the World in favour of support of ethical policies, eg. Fare Trade Policies Starbucks claims to be an avid supporter of fair trade policies. Therefore, corporations may face consumer boycotts, whereas governments are pretty much immune to short-run fluctuations in the popular opinion. Also, some theories of internationalisation argue that MNCs must have higher efficiency than other firms and governments. According to classical economic theory government spending is highly inefficient, because civil servants lack appropriate motives to search for the best possible use of available resources. Government spending also leads to out crowding of finance available to the private sector, which means that the companies have to face a higher cost of borrowing if they want to increase their spending. Governments are more corruptible (MAYBE ). Just think about it our governments collect in most cases nearly half of their countries GDP, half of all the income generated by the economy during the year. And what they do with it?! Spend on defence or some doomed governmental projects largely oriented to stir public opinion in their favour in order to win next general election. Think about all that money which is being wasted because of bureaucracy. US government only collects 30% of GDP in taxes and US is the richest country in the world. Multinationals are great innovators: (e.g. Dunning and ownership specific advantages, Rugman and the flagship firm). + can link to multiplier effect and wage premium. FDI (foreign direct investment) / Trade. As expressed in percentage of the global gross domestic product (gdp), the share of the combined inward and outward foreign direct investment (fdi) stocks rose from 19.2% in 1990 to 34.0% in 1999 and an estimated 38.2% in 2000. (Im sorry but Im too bored to write in detail about trade or FDI). Basic argument is the fact that most of the trade and FDI happens between Japan, US and Europe. 69% of FDI goes to developed countries. Some continents are marginalised, eg. Africa only receives 2% of global FDI. However, to my opinion it is absolutely normal. These are the largest economies in the world. GDP of US is over 12 trillion, whereas GDP of Japan (second largest economy) is over 6 trillion, GDP of EU is about 7 or 8 you cant expect these countries to invest most of their money in Eastern Europe, Africa or South-East Asia. Combined economies of these are dwarfs compared to economies of developed countries. Huge spending in these countries will breed inefficiencies, which than can be followed by another Asian crises (1997) or Russia defaulting on its payments. The cost of finance should reflect its true market value. From the business stand point money should only be invested if they can generate greater wealth, if there are not enough lucrative opportunities to go around de veloped countries should not be competing with each other by providing cheap loans, but concentrate on their regions. Undervalued finance create slack attitude, breads bureaucracy, corruption and have a great potential of destroying dynamic efficiency of developing world (can compare to governments supporting national champions). (VERY CAPITALISTIC VIEW). Nevertheless, developing countries are net recipients of foreign direct investment anyway. e.g foreign firms invest more in Africa than Africa firms invest elsewhere. Conclusion. (use your own depending on which view you support). (Can contrast different theoretical standpoints check the end of International Business lecture hand-out, week 3 A BIT BORRING BE ORIGINAL).

Times Of War :: essays research papers

The sweat hung heavy on Steven's cold features. He was walking as calmly as he could down the corridor. Given the chance he may have been described as handsome, but none gave him the chance and Steven didn't really want them to. He was keeping a close eye on the shadows that covered every doorway, as people who were less fortunate than him often lurked there waiting for someone to mug. Who would have thought that the Human race would have come to this? Locked in an intergalactic war that had lasted several millennia, but he was going to change that, it would be as the war had never happened and indeed if he succeeded, it wouldn't. Suddenly he stopped and gazed out of the nearest view port, he saw nothing but a thin sprinkling of stars and an awful lot of black, it was pretty much the same view he had had for the past thirteen weeks. At fist he found it awe-inspiring and then slowly that had given way to just plain dull and then very dull and then deeply dull. This depressed him greatly not because he loved to marvel at the beauty and intricacy of the universe, but because it remaindered him of his own life, stark and bleak with only a few pin pricks of excitement or hope in the near blank empty shell that was his life. He only got depressed when he was bored, bored or nervous, and at this moment it was the latter. Time Travel, two little words that have caused so much conflict and so many scientists to pull out their hair and have to be put into tax exile which is the usual fate of those determined to make a fool of themselves in public. Steven didn't much like the idea of time travel, meddling in the past to affect the present it was to complicated. How could he go back in time to stop a war that was the reason that he went back in the first place, if it's done it should be done the bastards should leave it alone. There was also the issue that if some thing went wrong he would be broken down into a mixture of hydrogen carbon and ozone and would then be spread to any place in the entire universe and at any point in that places history. In short he would die a horrible, horrible death.

Factors Affecting Fdi Inflow in Tanzania

CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TANZANIA INVESTMENT CENTRE (TIC) Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC) is the primary agency of the Government of Tanzania to coordinate, encourage, promote and facilitate investment in Tanzania and to advise the Government on investment related matters. TIC is a focal point for investors. It is the first point of call for the potential investors; it is a â€Å"one stop facilitative centre for all investors†, engaging in the business of marketing Tanzania as an investment destination. TIC was established in 1997 by the Tanzania Investment Act No. 26 of 1997 to be â€Å"the primary agency of Government to coordinate, encourage, promote and facilitate investment in Tanzania and to advise the Government in Investment related matters† All Government departments and agencies are required by law to cooperate fully with TIC in facilitating investors. As a primary agency of the Government in all investment matters, TIC is charged with the following functions:- †¢ Assist in establishment of enterprises e. g. ncorporation of enterprises; †¢ Obtain necessary licenses, work permits, visas, approvals, facilities or services; †¢ Sort out any administrative barriers confronting both local and foreign investments; †¢ Promote both foreign and local investment activities; †¢ Secure investment sites and assist investors to establish EPZ projects; †¢ Grant Certificates of Incentives, investment guarantees and register technology agreements for all investments, which a re over and above US $ 300,000 and 100,000 for foreign and local investment respectively; †¢ Provide and disseminate up to date information on existing investment opportunities, benefits or incentives available to investors; and †¢ Assist all investors whether or not registered by TIC. TIC headquarters is in Dar es Salaam, but has established Zonal offices in Kilimanjaro, Mwanza and Mbeya regions in order to assist Investors who are based in nearby regions to access TIC services without necessarily traveling to Dar es Salaam. The Zonal offices are responsible in assisting investors to obtain all relevant permits, approvals and licenses they require in order to set up their businesses. In order to strengthen and expedite facilitation services, ten (10) Senior Officers from Government or its Executive Agencies have been permanently stationed at TIC to serve investors under one roof. Presently these officers include those from:- †¢ Ministry of Land, Housing and Human Settlement Development; †¢ Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA); †¢ Immigration Department; †¢ Ministry of Labor, Employment and Youth Development (Labor Department); †¢ Ministry of Industry, Trade and Marketing (Directorate Trade); †¢ Business Registration & Licensing Agency (BRELA).? 2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM FDI has been one of the principal beneficiaries of the liberalization of capital flows over recent decades and now constitutes the major form of capital inflow for many African countries, including some low-income ones like Tanzania. Economies are often considered less vulnerable to external financing difficulties when current account deficits are financed largely by FDI inflows, rather than debt-creating capital flows. There is no denying the importance of FDI inflows both for their contribution to sustaining current account imbalances in countries and for their contribution to broader economic growth, through technological spillovers and competition effects. Recent economic reports show that Tanzania lags behind neighbors Kenya, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia and also Madagascar in its ability to attract foreign investors. A ccording to a top economic official, the failure to execute pro-business reforms is keeping prospective foreign investors away from Tanzania. (Konye Obaji Ori, Afrik. com, Thursday September, 2008). The Chief Executive Officer of the Tanzania Investment Centre, Mr Emmanuel Ole Naiko, said â€Å"even countries with less attractive opportunities and resources were receiving more foreign direct investment because the culture of politicking and negative public sentiments against foreign investors in Tanzania were among factors impeding the inflow of investments in the country†. In recent years, the flow of FDI has been steadily growing. From 2004 to 2005, the inflow grew by 29 percent to reach US $ 916 billion). During the same Tanzania attracted US $ 330. 6 million. To ensure maximum benefit to the economy, potential factors affecting FDI flow should be researched periodically. (Tanzania Investment Report, BOT, 2006). A large proportion of the FDI flow into Tanzania has increased from 552 million US Dollars in 2006 to 600 million US Dollars in 2008, ranking the country among the top ten recipients in Africa. Given its dominance in financial globalization and the potential impact to the economies, FDI tend to pose various challenges to individual recipient countries. For example monitoring and evaluation of the inflows, maintaining macroeconomics stability, and undertaking institutional and policy reforms for the purpose or realizing optimal benefits from the inflows. These challenges obligates Tanzania to increase capacity to compete interms of attracting investments, gaining global market shares and improving social economic welfare. Therefore the main objective of TIC is to facilitate Investment for national growth by enhancing an environment conductive for business and entrepreneurship growth hence attracting FDI inflows. 0. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM For the past two decades, Tanzania had been conceiving several efforts to attract Foreign Direct Investment. Major policy and structural reforms carried out since 1980’s played significant role in improving the investment environment in the country. These efforts have resulted into increase in FDI inflows into the country. However the increase in FDI and related investment posed a need to evaluate potential factors that induce the flow of FDI and should be emphases in this issue. The small number of investors in the country is usually contributed to weak economic performance. So it is important to identify factors that affect these investors not to invest in the country. It is also important to recognize the mixture of positive and negative effects of FDI bring into the country. The researcher will evaluate ways which can be used to maximize the effects of FDI hence leading to economy growth. Therefore the aim of this study is to identify and evaluate the potential factors that affect the flow of FDI into our country. 1. 4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 1. 4. 1 General Objective. To identify and evaluate the potential factors that affect the inflow of FDI in Tanzania so that to maximize the effects of FDI hence leading to the growth of economy. 1. 4. 2 Specific Objectives †¢ To identify and evaluate the sources of FDI †¢ To analyze the role of FDI as a source of economic development †¢ To analyze the effects of FDI in the host country and how this can be controlled. 1. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. 5. General Questions What are the Potential Factors That Affect FDI Inflows? 1. 5. 2 Specific Questions 1) Will policy measures lead to increase/decrease in FDI inflows? 2) What will happen is some companies with foreign ownership maintain offshore accounts, from whi ch their debt servicing is made directly, thus leading to unknown outflow? 3) What policy measures to be taken as FDI inflow into the country come from different countries with different investment requirement hence having different requirements? 4) What is the effect of availability of highly educated and skilled labor in FDI Inflows? 5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH 1. To the Target Government The study will provide information for developing policies on investment promotion and planning on future investment strategies. Also it will help in improving the necessary environment for attracting FDI inflows in the country. 2. To Future Researchers To help other researchers to conduct future study on the same problem given the gaps this might be encountered by the researcher. Also it can be used as reference for literature reviews on the same problem in other areas relating with FDI. 1. 6. 3 To the Researcher 1) The study is the partial fulfillment of the requirements for Post Graduate Diploma in Financial Management to be awarded by the Institute of Finance Management. IFM) 2) The researcher will gain confidence to conduct other research Studies independently at his places of work as to solve long and short term problems due to widened ability in writing and reporting skills. 1. 6. 4 To Investors The study will be of much importance to local and foreign investors, policy makers , donors, academicians as well it will be a useful source of information about the factors that determine FDI inflow in the country. 1. 6. 5 Reference Period The study conducted may be used in the coming three (3) years. 1. 7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study is intended to provide information on the potential factors that affect FDI inflow as well as bring out investors perception of the economy and business environment ranging from macroeconomic situation, infrastructure, financial governance and labour factors. The research will be conducted in Dar es Salaam region at TIC Headquarters and will take approximately two (2) months. The issues to be analyzed here are the potential factors that affect the FDI inflows, the sources of FDI into the country and the impact of FDI to the country both negatively and positively. 8. GAPS TO BE FILLED 1) FDI by locally owned companies has to be analyzed too, as many records shown by the past researchers are for the fully owned by foreigners or partially. 2) To add information on the previously done research on the gap trying to have a census on the set of potential factors affecting FDI inflows. 3) The study will try to overcome or at least reduce the gap as outline above. 9. CONCEPTUAL MODEL Tanzania benefits from FDI because these flows augment the limited Domestic savings and bring with it finance, managerial skills, technology, marketing expertise and market links. However new opportunities also bring risks that should be managed properly, especially in the case of policy reforms e. t. c. 10. ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY The Researcher anticipates the following assumption in the research process:- 1. 10. 1 Time It is assumed that the time will be sufficient to complete this study. The time given is not sufficient to make the researcher to make a comprehensive study. This implies that the researcher will face difficulties in gathering all the important information for analysis. 1. 10. 2 Respondents It is assumed that some of the respondents will cooperate. Some respondents will also be a problem in the study; this is because of their personal interest and might choose to be untruthful. Also there may be a problem of absence of respondents. 1. 10. 3 Access to Records A problem of fully access to some documents may pose a problem as some documents are termed as very confidential and thus cannot be accessed by anybody especially the outsider. 1. 10. 4 Funds It is assumed that the funds will cover what is on the budget. However any additional costs outside the budgeted one may pose as a problem; as there will be no additional funds from my sponsor. Inexperience in conducting research may lead to some delays hence increase in cost of the study. CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Many researcher has been conducted regarding the analyses of the major determinants of FDI flows but did not come to census on what can be specified as a â€Å"set† of major determinants of FDI inflows, as this varies from one country to another and from one host to another. (World Investment Report, 2008). The flow of FDI to different countries is unequal. The major sources and destination of FDI have been the USA, the European Union, and Japan. Europe is currently the largest recipient and source of FDI. Africa has been receiving the lowest share of global FDI despite efforts by African ountries to attract it. However the climate has improved over the past few years. The growth of domestic output has been greater that that of the population for the first time in years. (Recep Kok et al, Analyses of FDI Determinants in Developing Countries, Journal of Social Economics, Volume 36: 1/2 2009 PP105 – 123). Tanzania recei ved US $ 600 million in 2008 and became the third largest recipient of FDI in SADCC region. However Tanzania has an upside potential to attract more FDI because of its continued political stability, promising prospect in the mining and biogas, and tourism. (World Investment Report, 2008). 1 Meaning and Overview of FDI in Tanzania Recep Kok et al, defines Foreign Direct Investment is as a case where a resident entity in one economy acquires lasting interest in an enterprise in another country’s economy with significant degree of influence. The World Investment Report (WIR) 2008, which was launched by the Secretary General of UNCTAD Dr. Panithpakdi, indicates that the FDI inflow in Africa has recorded an impressive performance. It shows that FDI on the continent has hit a record and that Africa has the highest returns on Investment. The Government has continued to improve the country’s investment climate, by introducing different reforms which will be of interest to investors. However as everyone sees, the foreign investment is highly concentrated in some parts of Tanzania, in the big cities like Dar –Es-Salaam, Mbeya, Arusha e. t. c. Also it is concentrated in the mining areas like Geita, Kahama, Nyamongo, and Tulawaka. In areas where the only product obtained there is agriculture, there are no or few investments. (Tanzania Investment Report, 2006). FDI has some components which are:- 1) Direct Equity Investment; 2) Retained earnings attributable to non-residents; 3) Long-term shareholders and inter-company loans; 4) Short-term shareholders and inter-company loans; and 5) Suppliers credits from related companies. The surge of interest in FDI and multinational companies has been so high that in Tanzania there has been a high expectation in terms of what the companies can do and generally on the development effects of FDI. While FDI can, indeed, contribute to national economic and social development in many ways, the engagement and performance of domestic actors are very crucial. The effect of FDI largely depends on the policies of the host country. This goes beyond the mere liberalization of economies. Deliberate measures to develop human capital and physical and social infrastructure can also be valuable ways to enhance the quality of FDI that countries can attract. Tanzania is making major efforts to increase FDI inflow by improving the investment climate. It has embarked on wide-ranging policy, political and institutional reforms aimed at reducing (and if possible removing) barriers to entry of foreign capital, particularly FDI. Trade investment liberalization, privatization and the creation of various incentives for foreign investment have received considerable attention of the government. Regional economic integration bodies and free trade zones have been created to enlarge the size of markets and adopt common investment regimes at sub-regional and regional levels. These efforts are based on recognition that FDI can stimulate economic growth, generate new employment opportunities, promote transfer of new technologies and contribute to environmental sustainability in the region. (Oyeyinka, 2004) 2 FDI Inflow and Prospect for Tanzania Tanzanian’s Foreign Direct Investment has increased by nearly 15 Percent in 2008, mainly due to investment in natural resources Exploration projects already in operation. Tanzania has ranked number 12 among major FDI receiver African countries after Nigeria, Egypt, Morocco, Sudan, Equatorial Guinea, Algeria and Tunisia. Other countries ahead of Tanzania are Madagascar, Zambia, Ghana, DRC and Kenya. (World Investment Report, 2008). However, there is no reason why on earth countries like Zambia and Madgascar should surpass Tanzania, particularly when one looks at the natural resources endowments the country enjoys. Tanzania’s problem has been engagement in too many debates, which inhibited some the making of quick and timely decisions. Giving the example of a country like Mozambique, although it was devastated by the war, had managed to successfully develop its coal mines leaving Tanzanians to debate on who should develop Mchuchuma coal or Liganga iron ore deposits. Since early 1986, The Government of Tanzania, with determination, launched a comprehensive economic reforms and stabilization programme. In pursuit of this, agricultural marketing has been liberalized, foreign exchanged controls have been lifted, price deregulated, enhanced private sector involvement in the economy through privatization programme and the new investment code offering competitive incentives has been in place. These comprehensive economic reforms have resulted into improved competitiveness, lower tariffs, increasing levels of foreign investment in trade, improved key economic indicators and rapid integration into world markets. To this end, the Government is currently embarking on a strenuous exercise to upgrade its institutions and bring them at par with international standards. The expectation is to enhance the country’s competitive position for investment flows destined for the region and meet the challenges of globalization. Table 1:GDP Snapshot for 2004 |GPD |US $ 8. 8bn | |GPD per Capita |USD $ 240 | |GPD Growth |4. 3% | |Agriculture Value Added |47. 6% | |Industry Value Added |14. % | |Services Value Added |38. 0% | Source: World Bank Tanzania’s 15 years track record of largely satisfactory reforms has consolidated a favorable macroeconomic environment, which makes it one of the main incentives for foreign investor. Growth per capita is expected to increase by 3. 4% between 2004 and 2009. (Tanzania Investors Guide, 2002 and beyond). Table 2:FDI Inflows, 2004 – 2007 |Year |US $ mn | |2004 |183. 3 | |2005 |350. 5 | |2006 |522 | |2007 |600 | Source: Bank of Tanzania An increase in Foreign Direct Investment, apparently, indicates that the country’s investment environment has increasingly improved in the manner that investors are now able to predict more precisely profits to be accrued from their investment. Table 3: TIC Approval of Foreign Investment 1990 – 2000 |YEAR |US $ mn | |1990 |47. 25 | |1991 |471. 49 | |1992 |204. 9 | |1993 |527. 05 | |1994 |302. 99 | |1995 |263. 42 | |1996 |467. 85 | |1997 |384. 9 | |1998 |1464. 69 | |1999 |1211. | |2000 |767. 77 | Source: Tanzania Investment Centre 2. POTENTIAL FACTORS THAT ATTRACT FDI The literature groups the factors that attract foreign investment into two groups: external â€Å"push factors† and domestic â€Å"pull factors†. Among the â€Å"pull† factors are: a. Economic and political reforms that boost confidence in the economy; b. Reforms such as debt restructuring which ease the long-run foreign exchange constraint and therefore enhance the sustainability of fo reign exchange inflows; c. Liberalization of foreign exchange flows (both current and capital) in the balance of payments; d. Simplication of red-tape requirements for direct and portfolio investment; and liberalization of restrictions on private sector borrowing from a broad; e. Macroeconomic factors, these are fiscal policy, monetary policy, government stability, government spending regulatory frame work, state intervention in private business, and financial sector stability. The government has to have a clear look on these factors as they affect investors operations; f. The infrastructure and public services including inland transport, ports, electricity and water supply, postal services, telecommunications, customs services, immigration facilities, municipal services, banking services and credit rating; g. Diverse factors including corruption, internal security, domestic political scenario, regional political scenario, domestic economic situation, global economic situation and market expansion; h. Governance factors that include regional trade integration, trade policy, investment incentives, bureaucracy, and tax collection efficiency, effectiveness of legal law, land law and administration and speed of decision making; i. Inflation, availability of business credit, interest rate, depreciation on domestic currency, national payment system and exchange control are among the pull factors. Among the â€Å"push† factors are: a. The relative decline in international interest rates (mostly US dollar rates) when compared to interest rates in developing economies; b. Cyclical downturns in economic activity in developed economies, which reduce the demand for investment funds; and c. A move towards intentional diversification of asset portfolios by major portfolio investors such as pension funds and insurance companies. The literature identified both push and pull factors as being behind the increase in capital flows to developing economies in 1990s. However, it is domestic or â€Å"pull† factors over which policy makers can have direct impact in attracting inflows of private capital. (Asea and Reinhart, 1995) 3. MEASURES TO BE TAKEN BY TANZANIA TO INCREASE FDI INFLOWS There are several ways home countries can increase FDI inflows. These include; a. Reducing political risk by enhancing the credibility of reforms. Sub-Saharan Africa seems to be seen as one homogeneous continent and therefore the bad behavior of few governments often leads to a negative image for all. Credibility also matters for the sustainability of reforms. Reforms that are credible are more likely to be sustainable in the long run as economic agent react positively to policy measures and result in virtuous circle behaviors. (Kasekende and Bhundia, 2000) b. Political reforms, political disorder is very damaging to economic growth and is not conducive environment for both domestic and foreign investment (Kasekende and Bhundia, 2000). Political reforms should be aimed at building frameworks that are more inclusive, encourage power sharing and allow for enhanced public participation in political process. c. Insurance against policy risk. Home countries can sign bilateral or multilateral investment treaties that have legally binding elements establishing the obligations of the host country toward foreign investors from other signatory countries. d. Macroeconomic stability should be ensured, as it is prerequisite for attracting sustainable, long-term foreign investment into a country. Hadjmichael et al (1996) conclude â€Å"the most important impact of policies on private investment behavior was through their effect on macroeconomic instability and uncertainty†. This suggests that greater macroeconomic instability can have a considerable adverse impact on domestic and foreign private in investment. e. External burden should be reduced. In many African countries external debt servicing, most of it official, continues to exact a significant burden on finances. In principle, heavy external debt does not automatically translate into low growth. Growth in export earnings can allow for continued importation investment goods to maintain growth while servicing external debt at the same time. However, if borrowed money is invested primarily in non-traded sector; then the situation will arise where the economy is unable to pay for imports required to maintain growth. 4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FDI AS A SOURCE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH According to B. Seedha et al in their paper â€Å"Foreign Direct Investment in Africa†, FDI is simply a source of capital. The impact of FDI is dependent on what form it takes. This includes types of FDI, sector scale, duration and location of business and secondary effects. It is important to note that while some have experienced growth because of large FDI inflows, others have not. FDI can contribute to gross domestic products, gross fixed capital formation and balance of payments. Other contributions FDI can make to host country economy include assisting in debt servicing repayments, stimulating export markets, and producing foreign exchange revenues. Another aspect of FDI is that it can serve as source for economic development is in currency stability. FDI can contribute to social development by increasing employment and wages and by replacing warning market sector. FDI may offer poverty reduction, since poverty is related with unemployment. High levels of FDI do not necessarily show domestic gain (B. Seedha et al). Other factors may limit the economic gain to the host country’s economy. Example of such factors includes corporate strategies, and importation of goods and resources used in production. However FDI is mostly affected by country’s instability. The gain in employment, wages and so on may be realized by very small part of the population. When this happens wage differences between income groups will increase and the distribution of income may become unequal. Another negative effect of FDI as a source of economy is where the parent companies dominate the local market, leaving the local companies with no where to go. CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1. INTRODUCTION This section describes the methodologies framework of the study which includes Research paradigms, Research Design, types of measurements, data collection methods and approach, types of data, sampling techniques, sampling procedures, reliability and validity of data, management and analysis of data and limitations of the study. 3. 2RESEARCH PARADIGMS Paradigms or â€Å"School of Thought† in research scholarship are accepted ways of looking at reality and the consequent approach/methods to generate knowledge that is held by a group of intellectuals who have wide influence in that subject area. The basic premise behind the paradigms is based on how people view reality (Lufumbi, 2008). 3. 3 RESEARCH DESIGN: Research design is the overall plan of the research. It is referred as a blueprint for the collection, measurements and analysis of data. During the study the Case Study design will be used. This is due to the fact that the research will be conducted in a single organization, and also case study design allows variety methods of data collection methods. In addition to that case study design will gives the room to researcher to make rigorous analysis of the organization under the study. Case study design is also less costly compared to other research designs. However the case study design limits the researcher from generalization to other unit of the same kind because it may not be a true representative sample. It allows the researcher to be able to get close to the sources of information. 3. 4 RESEARCH TECHNIQUES: In analysing the data the researcher will adopt both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Tables will also be used by the researcher to present the information where applicable. 3. 5TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS Measurement is a process of assigning numbers to objects or observation, the level of measurement being a function of the rules under which the number assigned (Kothari, 2004). Technically speaking measurement is the process mapping aspects of range according to some rules of correspondence. The measurement of the collected data will be delivered score that will be obtained from the respondent when making sense of data that would make from the research development. The delivered score will be of course those from face to face interview, questionnaires, documentations and observation. 3. 6 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES: The simple Random sampling approach will be used to select the sample. The researcher expects to follow the following approach in selecting the sample:- †¢ All Foreign Investors registered with Tanzania Investment Centre as a population to be studied will be identified through the register. Sample of foreign investors will be drawn randomly. †¢ Judgment approach to sampling will be used to select the items to be studied. 3. 7 DATA COLLECTION METHODS AND APPROACHES The data to be collected are those which will be able to address the research objectives and answer the research questions. Both primary and secondary data will be used in this study and the research intends to use several relevant data collection method to collect them. 3. 7. 1Primary Data Primary data are original works of research or raw data without interpretation or pronouncements that present of official opinion or position. Secondary data are those data obtained from literature sources. These are the ones that have already been collected by the other people for some other purposes. This is second had information. Secondary data include both raw data and published ones (Sunders et al, 2000). The following methods will be used in collecting primary data; Interview: This method will be use for the purpose of seeking clarifications on some of data collected. For this reason the interview will be in form of verbal and unstructured. Questionnaire: The researcher will set relevant questions on factors attracting FDI inflow, and those questionnaires will be distributed to different staffs who will answer them. This method will be used to give adequate time to think about the question and respond to them accordingly. These will be administered to TIC staffs in order to collect data relating to such issues like what they think attract foreign investors to invest in Tanzania, what hinder foreign investors to invest in the country, the advantages of FDI inflow in Tanzania. , and how do they purchase, issue and receive stores. Observation: The researcher will observe and participates directly in daily activities of TIC. This will enable the researcher to analyze each particular activity effectively and appropriately. Also this method will make help to the researcher to detect the behavior of the respondents a) Documentary Source In this course of collecting data, the researcher will be trying to go through different document held by TIC. 2. Secondary Data The researcher will collect secondary data through the review of various literatures from different sources such as minutes, reports, policies and legislation regarding the investments in Tanzania. 7. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF DATA The researcher will make sure the measurable data are valid by controlling the questionnaires, and interview and ensure that are directed to the right person at TIC and make sure the reliability of the data by reviewing information which is from reliable and right documents. 1. Reliability Reliability refers to the question of whether a measuring instrument or process can produce the same results if successively employed by different researchers (Ndunguru, 2007). It refers to the extent to which a measure is giving consistent and stable results in a measurement process. 2. Validity Validity helps us to measure what it sets out to measure consistently and in a stable manner. It refers to persistence of systematic error in measurement process (Ndunguru, 2007). The validity of the research results is ensured id adequate physical or statistical control is put in place such that research measurement process produces accurate data. Generally validity is about a researcher measuring what he/she out to measure. 8. MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 1. Data Management Data will be collected from respective sources by using questionnaire, personal interviews. The respondents are randomly selected. However whenever the approached interviewee was not accessible at that time, the next nearest interviewee will be approached. 2. Data Analysis The data collected from questionnaires, interviews and documents is going to be edited, coded and summarized in order to get information relating to problems. The researcher will analyze and test the data using descriptive method, text and schedules, and tables will be used to validate relationship between variables. 3. 9. 3 Data Processing The researcher will use coding in data processing. This includes numbering and heading so as to simplify and reduce the ambiguity to the reader. Collection of data using questionnaire will be entered in the computer so as to make coding. 3. 9. 4 Data Presentation The findings of the study will be presented in a form of narration description with illustration of tables and diagrams where applicable. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Immanuel D. Mzava & David Hillier (2004) â€Å"Does Country’s Tax Structure determine its Foreign Direct Investment Flow? † The African Journal of Finance & Management, Volume 14:1 Barbara Seedha, Lauren Maxwel & Joseph Horton (2000) Foreign Direct Investment in Africa† The African Journal of Finance & Management, Volume 14:1 Bank of Tanzania (2001) â€Å"Report on the Study of Foreign Private Capital Flows in Mainland Tanzania† Tanzania Investment Report. Bank of Tanzania (2006) â€Å"Report on Foreign Private Investment in Tanzaniaà ¢â‚¬  Tanzania Investment Report. Recep Kok & Bernur Acikgoz Ersoy (2009) â€Å"Analyses of FDI determinants in Developing Countries† International Journal of Social Economics Volume 36: ? PP 105 – 123 www. emeraldinsight. com Bhinda, N and M. Martin (1994). â€Å"Eastern Africa – Survey of Foreign Investors†, Report by Exocomisti Association for the World Bank. Chege, M (1999). Politics of Development: Institutions and National Governance†, Paper presented for Africa in the 21st Century Initiative (Washington D. C†¦ World Bank) IMF (1999). â€Å"The Cross-Border Initiative in Eastern and Southern Africa†, African and Policy Development and Review Department, IMF. Kasekende L. and I. Hussain (1997). â€Å"Private Capital Flows to Sub-Saharan Africa: What’s the Real Story? Paper presented at Seminar, A New Paradigm of Financing Development and Development Cooperation, March 1997, Stockholm. Kasekende L. , D. Kitabire and M. Marti n (1998). â€Å"Capital Inflows and Macroeconomic Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa†, in G. K. Hellier (1998). Capital Accounts Regimes and Developing Countries (London: Macmillan Press) Kasekende L. and A. Bhundia (2000). â€Å"Attracting Capital Inflow to Africa: Essential Elements of a Policy Package. Advanced Unedited Copy. UNCTAD (1999), â€Å"Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: Performance and Potential†, (New York and Geneva, 1999). TIC (2002 and beyond). â€Å"Tanzania Investors Guide: Investment Opportunities and Facilitation† (United Republic of Tanzania, March 2002) C. Makunike (Tuesday, September 30, 2008). â€Å"Tanzania’s Foreign Direct Investment inflow up by 15 Percent†. (www. tradeafrica. com) D. Makangale (Thursday, January 22, 2009). â€Å"Investment Climate Attractive† (Tanzania: Daily News Paper) Macias J. B and Massa I. (June 2009). The Global Financial Crisis and Sub-Saharan Africa: The Effects of Slowing Private Capital Inflow on Growth† Results of ODI Research Presented in Preliminary Form for Discussion and Critical Comment. (London: Overseas Development Institute). Oyeyinka, B. (2004). â€Å"How c an Africa Benefit from Globalization†? ATPS Special Paper Series No. 17 www. tic. co. tz visited on 3rd March 2010 APPENDICES APPENDIX I Institute of Finance Management, P. O. Box 3918, Dar es Salaam, 10TH March, 2010. Dear Respondent, I am a student at the Institute of Finance Management undertaking Postgraduate Diploma in Financial Management. I am researching on the â€Å"Potential Factors that Affect Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Tanzania†. The questionnaire aims at finding data for a research paper to be presented to the Institute of Finance Management as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of Postgraduate Diploma in Financial Management. I kindly request you to put a tick after appropriate answer and where applicable explain why when requested to do so. The information you give will be strictly confidential and will be used for the purpose of this research. Thanking you in advance. Yours truly, Kwareh, Karerema R. APPENDIX II RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE A: GENERAL INFORMATION Date completed: ________/_______/_________ Centre Name: ______________________________________ Name and position of the person completing this questionnaire: ____________________________________________________________ _ Centre Address: _____________________________________________ Tel: __________________ Fax: _______________ E-mail: ____________ Please give details of alternative person whom I may contact incase I have any questions: __________________________________________________________ Date of Commencing Operations: _____________/ _____________/ __________ B: GENERAL QUESTIONS 1. To what extent have the following macroeconomic factors affected investment in our country? |Very strong +ve effect|Strong |Limited +ve Effect |No Effect |Limited |Strong |Very Strong –ve Effect| | |+ve effect | | –ve Effect |–ve Effect | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 | At start – upNow Fiscal policy( ) ( ) Monetary policy( ) ( ) Government Stability( ) ( ) Please add any additional Information ____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 2. To what extent have the availability of condition of the following I nfrastructures and services affected in our country? Very strong +ve effect|Strong |Limited +ve Effect |No Effect |Limited |Strong |Very Strong –ve Effect| | |+ve effect | | |–ve Effect |–ve Effect | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 | At start – upNow Inland transport (roads, rails)( ) ( ) Access to seaport( ) ( ) Airport and Air transportation( ) ( ) Electricity supply( ) ( ) Water supply( ) ( ) Please add any additional Information ____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 3. To what extent have the following financial factors affected investment in Tanzania? Very strong +ve effect|Strong |Limited +ve Effect |No Effect |Limited |Strong |Very Strong –ve Effect| | |+ve effect | | |–ve Effect |–ve Effect | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 | At start – upNow Inflation( ) ( ) Availability of business finances/credit( ) ( ) Interest rates ( ) ( ) Depreciation of domestic currency( ) ( ) Exchange Control( ) ( ) Please add any additional Information ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ 4. To what extent the following governance factors affected investment opportunities in Tanzania? |Very strong +ve effect|Strong |Limited +ve Effect |No Effect |Limited |Strong |Very Strong –ve Effect| | |+ve effect | | |–ve Effect |–ve Effect | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 | At start – upNow Regional Trade( ) ( ) Trade policy( ) ( ) Bureaucracy ( ) ( ) Tax collection efficiency( ) ( ) Land law & administration( ) ( ) Please add any additional Information ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ 5. Please specify the most important factors that influence your initial decision to invest in Tanzania? ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________ 6. What is the likely direction of foreign direct investment in Tanzania in the medium term? Please tick appropriate box |Expansion |No Change |Contraction | | | | | 7. What measures can the government undertake to improve investor’s attractiveness to continue investing in Tanzania and attract new investors? a. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ d. ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Thank you for your time. APPENDIX III TIME SCHEDULE This timetable will be of great help to me as a researc her to organize activities to be carried out and allocate the time accordingly. This will act as my guideline. The estimated time of conducting the research is 9 weeks. |Week |Activity | |1st – 2nd Week |Preliminary preparation i. e. research proposal, budget, finding the | | |assistant for help if necessary e. t. c. |3rd – 4th Week |Preparation of questionnaires, visiting the respondents and distribution | | |of questionnaires | |5th – 6th Week |Collection of questionnaire from respondents, analysis of the data, | | |verification and processing | |7th – 8th Week |Revising the paper, re-writing and bidding | |9th Week |Presenting the paper and defending | APPENDIX IV RESEARCH BUDGET |1. 0 |STATIONARY |TSHS | |1. 1 |Ream of ruled paper x2 @ 7,000 | 14,000 | |1. 2 |Ream of A4 plain papers x 2 @ 8,000 | 16,000 | |1. |Flash Disk x 1 @ 50,000 | 50,000 | |1. 4 |Ball pen, pencil, collection fluid | 10,000 | |2. 0 |SECRETARIAL SERVICES | | |2. 1 |Proposal: Typ ing and printing x 2 copies | 100,000 | |2. 2 |Research: Typing and printing x 2 copies | 150,000 | |2. 3 |Binding | 50,000 | |2. 4 |Photocopying of documents | 20,000 | |3. |RESEARCH EXPENSES | | |3. 1 |Assistance Researcher | 80,000 | |3. 2 |Transport to and fro | 250,000 | |3. 3 |Breakfast/lunch e. t. c | 100,000 | |3. 4 |Consultation | 50,000 | | |Sub-total | 890,000 | | |+ Contingency 30% |1,157,000 |